Sulfur mustard, commonly known as
mustard gas, is the prototypical substance of the sulfur-based family of
cytotoxic and vesicant chemical warfare agents, which can form large blisters
on exposed skin and in the lungs. They have a long history of use as a
blister-agent in warfare and, along with organoarsenic compounds such as
Lewisite, are the most well-studied of such agents. Related chemical compounds
with similar chemical structure and similar properties form a class of
compounds known collectively as sulfur mustards or mustard agents. Pure sulfur
mustards are colorless, viscous liquids at room temperature. When used in
impure form, such as warfare agents, they are usually yellow-brown and have an
odor resembling mustard plants, garlic, or horseradish, hence the name. The
common name of "mustard gas" is considered inaccurate because the
sulfur mustard is not actually vaporized, but dispersed as a fine mist of
liquid droplets. Sulfur mustard was originally assigned the name LOST, after
the scientists Wilhelm Lommel and Wilhelm Steinkopf, who developed a method of
large-scale production for the Imperial German Army in 1916.
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