Graphene is an allotrope of
carbon in the form of a single layer of atoms in a two-dimensional hexagonal
lattice in which one atom forms each vertex. It is the basic structural element
of other allotropes, including graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and
fullerenes. It can also be considered as an indefinitely large aromatic
molecule, the ultimate case of the family of flat polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons.
Graphene has a unique set of
properties which set it apart from other materials. In proportion to its
thickness, it is about 100 times stronger than the strongest steel. It conducts
heat and electricity very efficiently and is nearly transparent. Graphene also
shows a large and nonlinear diamagnetism, even greater than graphite, and can
be levitated by Nd-Fe-B magnets. Researchers have identified the bipolar
transistor effect, ballistic transport of charges and large quantum
oscillations in the material.
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