Drug discovery
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology,
drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are
discovered.
Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the
active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery, as
with penicillin. More recently, chemical libraries of synthetic small
molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole
organisms to identify substances that had a desirable therapeutic effect in a
process known as classical pharmacology. After sequencing of the human genome
allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins,
it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds
libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be
disease-modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these
screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.
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